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Virology, Immunology and Applied Microbiology

Question 51

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Which of the following viruses is NOT transmitted through parenteral route?

Select one:

a. Hepatitis G virus

b. Hepatitis C virus

c. Hepatitis D virus

d. Hepatitis B virus

e. Hepatitis A virus

Clear my choice

Question 52

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The initial complement component that is bound by complement-fixing antibodies is:

Select one:

a. C5a

b. C9

c. C1q

d. C1s

e. C3b

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Question 53

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A 32 year old male presented to the clinic with psychiatric behavior and painful dysesthesias. After taking history, the doctor found out that the patient had eaten beef infected with BSE agent several months ago. What is the mostly likely diagnosis?

Select one:

a. Fatal familial insomnia

b. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome

c. Kuru

d. Variant CJD

e. Scrapie

Clear my choice

Question 54

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A 10-year-old child was bitten by a stray dog. The child is started on a course of anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis, beginning with inoculation of pooled human anti-rabies immunoglobulin. After one day the dog was found and tested negative for rabies virus, what is the best method to manage this child

Select one:

a. Continue with current management and observe the dog behavior

b. Start and rabies vaccine

c. prescribe anti-rabies medication

d. Stop post – exposure rabies and manage the wound

e. Prescribe antibodies for rabies virus

Clear my choice

Question 55

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Best describes prozone effect

Select one:

a. False results when there is excess of either antigen or antibody

b. Unaffected results when there is excess antibody

c. Unaffected results when there is excess of either antigen or antibody

d. False results when there is excess antigen

e. Unaffected results when there is excess antigen

Clear my choice

Question 56

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A newborn baby presents with microcephaly, cyanosis and obvious cataracts in both eyes. The attending neonatologists has a provisional diagnosis of Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) that can occur in a developing foetus of a pregnant woman who has contracted rubella infection. The following is correct regarding the CRS EXCEPT

Select one:

a. > 12 weeks of pregnancy fetal defects are rare

b. Infection may affect all organs

c. Infection in 1st trimester may lead to abnormalities in 85% of cases

d. Preconception infection can occur at 0-28 days

e. Severity of CRS can be predicted by the gestation age

Clear my choice

Question 57

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Which of the following laboratory technique is very useful in detection of SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants of concerns

Select one:

a. Whole genome sequencing

b. Antibody rapid test

c. Antigen rapid test

d. ELISA

e. RT- PCR

Clear my choice

Question 58

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Human papilloma subtypes responsible for Condyloma Acuminatum are

Select one:

a. 11 and 6

b. 16 and 18

c. 6 and 18

d. 6 and 12

e. 11 and 8

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Question 59

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Which of the following antibody is an important host defense against encapsulated bacteria?

Select one:

a. Ig1 and IgG 3

b. IgG1

c. IgG4

d. IgG3

e. IgG2

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Question 60

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A 47-year-old woman from Indonesia, who is visiting relatives in the United States, is brought to the emergency room after losing her balance, falling, and hurting herself. She refuses analgesics, claiming that it hurts to swallow. She seems anxious and confused. She is treated and released but 1 week later is brought back in a coma and then dies of cardiac arrest within another week. Autopsy shows Negri bodies in brain cells. Which of the following describes the virus that causes this disease?

Select one:

a. Hepatitis B virus

b. Vesicular stomatitis virus

c. HIV virus

d. Rabies virus

e. Rubella virus

Clear my choice

Question 61

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Which of the following statements about dengue virus is not true?

Select one:

a. It can cause a severe hemorrhagic fever

b. It is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans

c. There is a single antigenic type.

d. It is distributed worldwide in tropical regions

e. One form of disease is characterized by increased vascular permeability

Clear my choice

Question 62

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Which cell type would not be present in a boy born without a thymus?

Select one:

a. Neutrophils

b. Macrophages

c. T cell

d. NK cell

e. B cell

Clear my choice

Question 63

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A 48-year-old man presented at the OPD with hyperpigmented lesions on chest. He was diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma, which viral illness could predispose this patient to be infected with this disease

Select one:

a. Rabies virus

b. HIV virus

c. Hepatitis C virus

d. Hepatitis B virus

e. Corona virus

Clear my choice

Question 64

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Which one of the following is the best choice of drug to treat infection by Herpes simplex virus type 1?

Select one:

a. Acyclovir

b. Lamivudine

c. Zidovudine

d. Oseltamivir

e. Ritonavir

Clear my choice

Question 65

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Serological methods are used for measuring the antibody response or detect an antigen. Which of the following is not a serological technique?

Select one:

a. Hemagglutination inhibition assay

b. GeneXpert

c. Western blot assay

d. Complement fixation test

e. ELISA

Clear my choice

Question 66

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Cellular Prion Proteins (PrPC) are located in which part of the cell

Select one:

a. Ribosomes

b. Nucleus

c. Cytoplasm

d. Extaracellular milleu

e. Plasma membrane

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Question 67

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The Baltimore classification is a scheme of classification that groups viruses based on the genomic properties and replication strategy. The following is correct regarding the Baltimore classification

Select one:

a. double stranded DNA viruses are grouped in class II

b. Human herpesviruses are grouped in Class I

c. single stranded DNA viruses are grouped in class I

d. Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is grouped in class VII

e. Coronaviruses are grouped in class V

Clear my choice

Question 68

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They are usually transmitted via respiratory tract

Select one:

a. Echoviruses

b. Coxsackie viruses

c. Hepatoviruses

d. Polio viruses

e. Enteroviruses

Clear my choice

Question 69

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NK cells express a killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR), which recognizes

Select one:

a. Glycophospholipid molecules

b. Cell adhesion molecules

c. CD40 molecules

d. Toll-like receptors

e. MHC class I molecules

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Question 70

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Which of the following does not cause chronic infection?

Select one:

a. Hepatitis B virus

b. Hepatitis G virus

c. Hepatitis A virus

d. Hepatitis D virus

e. Hepatitis C virus

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Question 71

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Choose the incorrect statement in relation to HIV

Select one:

a. Are the etiologic agents of AIDS.

b. HIV 2 is further subdivided into three groups M, N and O.

c. HIV derived from primate lentiviruses.

d. HIV-1 was isolated by the end of 1983.

e. There are two types of human AIDS viruses: HIV-1 and HIV-2.

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Question 72

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Enveloped viruses may enter the target cell either through fusion or endocytosis. The following enveloped viruses enters the target cell through endosomes EXCEPT

Select one:

a. Hepatitis C virus

b. Adenovirus

c. Measles virus

d. Influenza virus

e. Ebola virus

Clear my choice

Question 73

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Embryonated eggs are used for virus isolation in Microbiology laboratory. The following is the correct pair of inoculation site-virus EXCEPT

Select one:

a. Yolk sac - Influenza virus

b. Chorioallantoic membrane - Variola virus

c. Amniotic cavity - Mumps virus

d. CAM - HSV

e. Allantoic cavity - Influenza virus

Clear my choice

Question 74

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Among the preventive methods of COVID-19 transmission is the use of COVID-19 vaccine. The following is correct regarding COVID-19 vaccine EXCEPT

Select one:

a. Abdala is a viral protein vaccine

b. Moderna is a mRNA vaccine

c. Novovax offers approximately 90% efficacy against SARS-CoV-2

d. Sinopharm and Sinovac are examples of attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

e. Sputnik Light (Ad26) is an example of viral protein vaccine

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Question 75

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A ruptured spleen was removed from a 37-year-old car accident victim. What would be the consequence?

Select one:

a. Can’t mature T cells

b. Increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria

c. Lack of IgG-producing  B cells

d. Lack of IgA-producing  B cells

e. Can’t activate macrophages

Clear my choice

Question 76

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Rubella also known as German measles is caused by rubella virus. Which of the following is not TRUE regarding the rubella virus

Select one:

a. The glycoprotein E2 covers E1protein

b. Can be transmitted in utero to the foetus

c. The genome is linear negative sense ssRNA

d. The nucleocapsid has an icosahedral shape

e. Is spherical in shape enveloped virus

Clear my choice

Question 77

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Seeing multinucleated giant cells in a Tzanck smear can be used to make a presumptive diagnosis of infection by which one of the following viruses?

Select one:

a. Parvovirus B19

b. Herpes simplex virus

c. Rubella virus

d. Epstein–Barr virus

e. Human papillomavirus

Clear my choice

Question 78

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Schedule of Polio vaccine in Tanzania is at

Select one:

a. 9,18 months

b. Birth,9,18 weeks

c. 6,10 weeks

d. Birth,6,10,14 weeks

e. Birth

Clear my choice

Question 79

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Molecular techniques are sensitive and specific methods for detection of viral nucleic acids. Which of the following is not a method for detection of viral nucleic acid?

Select one:

a. Western blot assay

b. In situ hybridization

c. Ligase chain reaction

d. Northern blot hybridization

e. Polymerase chain reaction

Clear my choice

Question 80

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Which of the following is a recognized complications of post measles virus infection

Select one:

a. Abdominal pain

b. Pneumonia

c. Convulsion

d. Otitis Media

e. Joint pains

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Question 81

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Complement component C3 is cleaved by:

Select one:

a. Factor B

b. Factor H  

c. C3b

d. Factor D

e. C3bBb

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Question 82

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Regarding the genomic properties of rotavirus is correct EXCEPT

Select one:

a. Segment 9 codes for VP7 important for structural and neutralization antigen

b. has 10-12 segmented dsDNA

c. NSP4 is an enterotoxin coded by segment 4

d. segment 4 codes for a structural protein VP4

e. viral protein 3 is coded by segment 3

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Question 83

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A microbiologist was appointed to investigate the cause of diarrhea outbreak in the city suburbs. After performing the tests in the lab, he concluded that the causative agent was Vibrio cholerae 0139. Which type of test did he perform to derive into that conclusion?

Select one:

a. Immunofluorescence

b. Immunoblotting

c. Agglutination test

d. ELISA test

e. Precipitation test

Clear my choice

Question 84

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Which of the following viruses is not RNA virus?

Select one:

a. Hepatitis D virus

b. Hepatitis E virus

c. Hepatitis B virus

d. Hepatitis C virus

e. Hepatitis A virus

Clear my choice

Question 85

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Rabies is a preventable viral disease of mammals most often passed on through a rabid animal. The vast majority of rabies cases reported in the world each year occur in wild animals like raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes. The rabies virus is passed on by contact with what part of an infected animal?

Select one:

a. Urine

b. Feces

c. Pus

d. Blood

e. Saliva

Clear my choice

Question 86

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The most sensitive test for the diagnosis of herpes simplex (HSV) meningitis in a newborn infant is:-

Select one:

a. HSV IgG antibody

b. HSV culture

c. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein analysis

d. Tzanck smear

e. HSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Clear my choice

Question 87

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Resistance to oseltamivir (Tamiflu) would occur upon mutation of which of the following proteins?

Select one:

a. Thymidine kinase

b. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

c. Hemagglutinin

d. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

e. Neuraminidase

Clear my choice

Question 88

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Which of the following is not a potential dengue biomarkers ?

Select one:

a. dengue-specific IgE

b. interleukins

c. basophils

d. anti-platelet

e. anti-EC antibodies

Clear my choice

Question 89

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A 50 year old man presents with history of high grade fever, sore throat, cough, generalised body malaise and difficulty in breathing for 3 days. The attending clinician has a provisional diagnosis of atypical pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. The following is correct regarding the properties of the virus EXCEPT

Select one:

a. The virus is enveloped

b. Genome is negative sense ssRNA

c. SARS is described as a zoonotic virus

d. May utilize DC-SIGN host receptor for entry into the host

e. SARS-CoV-2 is classified under the family coronaviridae

Clear my choice

Question 90

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With respect to HIV replication, the following is correct: -

Select one:

a. Provirus remains permanently associated with cells.

b. High replication error cannot introduce quasi species.

c. Reverse transcriptase makes RNA copy from genomic DNA.

d. Proviral RNA is template for viral DNA.

e. Lentiviruses don’t cause progressive chronic disease including AIDS.

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Question 91

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Which of the following nucleic acid is present in hepatitis B virus?

Select one:

a. dsRNA

b. dsDNA

c. dsDNA+ssRNA

d. ssDNA

e. ssRNA

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Question 92

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Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) blocks

Select one:

a. The entry of the virus.

b. Packaging of the progeny HIV.

c. Blocks the active enzymatic pocket of the viral reverse transcriptase enzyme.

d. Integration of HIV dsDNA into the host cell, a key step towards lifelong HIV infection.

e. The chain elongation of the reverse transcriptase activity where incorporation of NNRTIs competes with naturally occurring nucleotides hence the HIV DNA is not fully formed.

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Question 93

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Which of the following is the Dane particle?

Select one:

a. Hepatitis A virus

b. Hepatitis E virus

c. Hepatitis D virus

d. Hepatitis B virus

e. Hepatitis C virus

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Question 94

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Viruses are obligate intracellular organisms. Which of the following is not correct regarding the properties of viruses

Select one:

a. The core consists of nucleic acids and matrix

b. A virion is infective even outside the target host cell

c. The capsid protects the genomic material of the virus

d. Viruses are small in size diameter ranges from 18 to 300nm

e. Genomic material is either be DNA or RNA

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Question 95

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54-year-old man who had resided in Tanzania arrived in the United States, and on September 26, reported discomfort in his right lower back. During the next few days, the pain intensified and alternated with abdominal discomfort. He developed restlessness and anxiety. On September 30, he was admitted to a local hospital for suspected bowel obstruction. On examination, the patient appeared anxious and had right flank tenderness, diaphoresis, vomiting, and a temperature of 37.4 C. Other symptoms appeared within hours, including dysphagia, dizziness, shortness of breath, and paranoia. The patient became delirious, with frothing and agitation. History from the patient’s employer in Tanzania revealed patient had been bitten on his thumb by his dog in May. What is most likely etiology of the disease?

Select one:

a. Tetanus

b. Rabies virus

c. Rhamdomyviruses

d. Anthrax

e. Rubella virus

Clear my choice

Question 96

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Human papilloma virus early regulatory proteins that do not participate in replication are

Select one:

a. E1, E2, and E6

b. E1, E4 and E5

c. E1, E3 and E6

d. E1, E2 and E4

e. E2, E3 and E4

Clear my choice

Question 97

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Arboviruses are found in the following virus families EXCEPT which of the following

Select one:

a. Arenaviridae

b. Flaviviridae

c. Reoviridae

d. Bunyaviridae

e. Togaviridae

Clear my choice

Question 98

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Adenovirus Early protein 3 (E3) encoded proteins such as RID α and ʙ are responsible for the following EXEPT

Select one:

a. Prevent binding of TNF receptors

b. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors

c. Promoting Viral replication early proteins

d. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activities

e. Cell-surface downregulation of Fas

Clear my choice

Question 99

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The Human Papilloma virus vaccine (Gardasel) is a synthetic production of ……. Capsid protein and is protective against ……… papilloma subtypes

Select one:

a. L2 and protective against 6,11,17 and 18

b. L1 and is protective against 6,18, 16 and 12

c. L2 and is protective against 6,11,16 and 17

d. L1 and is protective against 16, 6, 11 and 18

e. L1 and is protective against 6,18, 14 and 16

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Question 100

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Which of the following lymphoid tissues is un-encapsulated:

Select one:

a. Tonsil

b. MALT

c. Lymph node

d. Thymus

e. Spleen

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